Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Remedies
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that affects the digestive system. There are two main types of IBD; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Although both share some similarities, they have distinct characteristics and can affect different areas of the gastrointestinal tract. From physical discomfort to uncertain triggers, IBD poses unique challenges for those living with it. Examining its symptoms, causes, and remedies can provide clarity and support to individuals with this complex condition.
Crohn’s disease vs. ulcerative colitis
In general, Crohn’s disease can affect any portion of the digestive system, from the mouth to the anus; however, it most commonly impacts the small intestine (ileum) and upper section of the large intestine (colon). Inflammation that penetrates deeply into the layers of the intestinal wall is one of its defining characteristics. Crohn’s disease can cause inflammation in patches, separating unaffected tissues from the affected ones.
Ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, primarily affects the colon or the large intestine and the rectum. It involves ongoing inflammation that begins in the rectum and spreads into the colon. Unlike Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis affects the rectum and colon’s interior lining. Moreover, in ulcerative colitis, the inflammation is frequently constant and does not manifest in patches. Another kind of colitis that can only be seen under a microscope is microscopic colitis.
Causes and risks of IBD
Scientists are still trying to determine the main causes of IBD, but research so far gives a strong link between flawed genetics and IBD. One in four people who share a genetic history with a family member is at risk of developing IBD. The immune system response also plays a crucial part, as it normally combats infections. However, in individuals with IBD, the immune system mistakenly identifies certain foods as foreign substances, leading to the production of antibodies that trigger IBD symptoms. In addition, environmental triggers and psychological problems like stress and depression can put one at a greater risk of developing IBD.
People with IBD face an increased risk of developing complications like narrowed anal, blood clotting, liver problems or kidney stones, and swelling in large intestines. It might also affect the body’s ability to get nutrients to the small intestine. If these complications are left ignored or untreated, it can further disrupt the functioning of vital organs. So, it’s important to monitor and provide prompt medical care and management for individuals with IBD.
Common symptoms of IBD
IBD signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe and may be gradual or get triggered all of a sudden. They can also affect people in different ways, making it more crucial to get a doctor’s help for proper diagnosis.
IBD flares usually include symptoms like pain in one’s abdomen, bloating, gas, vomiting, nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea, loss of appetite, constipation, fatigue, fever, or joint pain. Moreover, if one finds blood or mucus in one’s stool, it’s best to get the same checked. Skin rashes, vision issues, and itchy eyes can also be some uncommon symptoms.
Remedies for IBD
There are various therapies that help reduce inflammation for those with IBD. Along with these treatment options, a healthcare professional may also ask individuals with IBD to make certain lifestyle changes that can support one’s recovery and help manage the symptoms of the condition in a better way. Here are some common IBD remedies that can support one’s healing journey.
- Adequate hydration
Drinking sufficient water can help individuals to regulate their bowel movements. One can have other liquids apart from water, such as juices, soups, broth, and green tea. However, it’s best to avoid caffeinated or carbonated drinks since they can worsen diarrhea and produce gas. - Regular exercise
Exercising regularly promotes healthy digestion by increasing intestinal muscle contractions and improving bowel regularity. It can especially be beneficial to alleviate symptoms like constipation. It is important to approach exercise in a personalized manner, considering individual capabilities, symptoms, and type of IBD. - Stress management
Stress can trigger or worsen the symptoms of IBD. Science has established a strong link between one’s brain and gut microbiome. Stress can disrupt this communication and cause imbalances in one’s gut microbiota, which leads to increased inflammation and disease activity in IBD. Stress can also interfere with one’s response to the ongoing treatments as individuals may feel overwhelmed or fatigued. Stress also affects one’s immunity, so managing it is important. One can do so by incorporating meditation practices, yoga, and exercise and building a strong support system into one’s life. Effective time management and setting realistic expectations can also alleviate stress. In extreme cases, one can opt for therapeutic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). - Food habits
Those living with IBD are advised to eat smaller meals during the day, usually every two to four hours. Maintaining a record of one’s food intake is important to help patients pinpoint any specific food triggers that exacerbate flare-ups of the condition. It’s possible that one may have a food intolerance, such as lactose intolerance, which makes it more challenging for one’s body to digest dairy products like milk, cream, and yogurt. This trigger can further cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Overall, it’s advisable for individuals to avoid or limit the intake of fibrous, spicy, greasy, and milk-based foods to reduce intestinal irritation and alleviate symptoms. During flare-ups, opting for softer, milder food options that are less inflammatory can provide relief and support one’s overall well-being. - Nutritional support
In severe cases of IBD, where malnutrition or nutritional deficiencies are present, nutritional support may be necessary. One can consult a healthcare expert to find out if one has any deficiencies and get treatments for the same. - Psychological support
Living with a chronic condition like IBD can be emotionally challenging. Seeking support from mental health professionals, joining support groups, or engaging in stress management techniques can be beneficial. - Proper sleep
Sleep helps the body to repair and rejuvenate itself. Getting adequate sleep can help boost one’s overall quality of life, while also keeping one’s digestive tract healthy. To improve quality of sleep, one needs to unwind an hour before bedtime, avoid eating heavy meals late at night, keep screen time minimal towards the end of the day, avoid caffeine post-afternoon, and stay hydrated and physically active during the day. - Surgery
In severe cases, a doctor may recommend surgery to remove the bowel segment that is diseased or affected and then join the healthy parts together. The patient may be monitored until the bowel adapts to the changes and begins to function optimally again. This is also useful in cases where there are intestinal blockages and abscesses.
Since it is a complex condition, early diagnosis, appropriate medical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and emotional support are key components in the comprehensive care of individuals with IBD.
